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World War II

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**1. Causes and Pre-war Events:**
– Rise of fascism in Europe
– Spanish Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War
– Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
– Tensions following World War I
– Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935)
– Japan invaded China in 1937
– Hitler’s rise to power in Germany
– European treaties and agreements
– Axis formation and alliances

**2. Military Operations and Strategies:**
– Aircraft strategic bombing
– Use of nuclear weapons
– Genocides, including the Holocaust
– Occupations of Germany, Austria, and Japan
– European Axis powers invading the Soviet Union
– Japanese expansion and alliances
– German invasions of Poland, Czechoslovakia, and other countries
– Axis attack on the Soviet Union
– Eastern Front operations
– Soviet counter-offensive

**3. Global Impact and Consequences:**
– 70–85 million fatalities
– Establishment of the United Nations
– Emergence of the Soviet Union and the United States as superpowers
– European devastation leading to decolonization of Africa and Asia
– Economic recovery and expansion post-war
– Peace treaties and diplomatic relations after the war

**4. War Developments and Major Battles:**
– Phoney War period
– Battle of Britain
– US involvement and Lend-Lease programs
– Axis expansion and Mediterranean Theatre
– Eastern Front operations
– War in the Pacific
– German invasions in Western Europe
– Soviet counter-offensive
– Japanese-American relations and conflicts in the Pacific

**5. End of the War and Post-war Agreements:**
– Formal surrender of Japan
– Peace treaties with Japan and Germany
– German reunification
– Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration
– League of Nations condemnations
– Soviet occupations and expansion
– Western Europe developments
– Tripartite Pact and Axis powers’ activities
– Baltic threats and Soviet invasions

World War II (Wikipedia)

World War II
in the
Left to right:
Date1 September 19392 September 1945
(6 years, 1 day)
Location
Result
Participants
Allies Axis
Commanders and leaders
Main Allied leaders: Main Axis leaders:
Casualties and losses
  • Military dead:
  • Over 16,000,000
  • Civilian dead:
  • Over 45,000,000
  • Total dead:
  • Over 61,000,000
  • (1937–1945)
  • ...further details
  • Military dead:
  • Over 8,000,000
  • Civilian dead:
  • Over 4,000,000
  • Total dead:
  • Over 12,000,000
  • (1937–1945)
  • ...further details

World War II or the Second World War was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Many participating countries invested all available economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities into this total war, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. It was by far the deadliest conflict in history, resulting in 70–85 million fatalities. Millions died due to genocides, including the Holocaust, as well as starvation, massacres, and disease. In the wake of Axis defeat, Germany, Austria, and Japan were occupied, and war crime tribunals were conducted against German and Japanese leaders.

The causes of the war are debated; contributing factors included the rise of fascism in Europe, the Spanish Civil War, the Second Sino-Japanese War, Soviet–Japanese border conflicts, and tensions in the aftermath of World War I. World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland. The United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union had partitioned Poland and marked out their "spheres of influence" across Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe in a military alliance called the Axis with Italy, Japan, and other countries. Following the onset of campaigns in North and East Africa, and the fall of France in mid-1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire, with the war in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz of the UK, and the Battle of the Atlantic. In June 1941, Germany led the European Axis powers in an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the Eastern Front, the largest land theatre of war in history.

Japan aimed to dominate East Asia and the Asia-Pacific, and by 1937 was at war with the Republic of China. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific, including an attack on Pearl Harbor which resulted in the United States and the United Kingdom declaring war against Japan. The European Axis powers declared war on the US in solidarity. Japan soon conquered much of the western Pacific, but its advances were halted in 1942 after losing the critical Battle of Midway; Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. Key setbacks in 1943—including German defeats on the Eastern Front, the Allied invasions of Sicily and the Italian mainland, and Allied offensives in the Pacific—cost the Axis powers their initiative and forced them into strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained its territorial losses and pushed Germany and its allies back. During 1944–1945, Japan suffered reversals in mainland Asia, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key western Pacific islands. The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories; the invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, culminating in the Fall of Berlin to Soviet troops; Hitler's suicide; and the German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. Following the refusal of Japan to surrender on the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, the US dropped the first atomic bombs on Hiroshima on 6 August and Nagasaki on 9 August. Faced with imminent invasion of the Japanese archipelago, the possibility of more atomic bombings, and the Soviet Union's declared entry into the war against Japan on the eve of invading Manchuria, Japan announced on 10 August its intention to surrender, signing a surrender document on 2 September 1945.

World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the world, and it set the foundation for the international order for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The United Nations was established to foster international cooperation and prevent conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming the permanent members of its Security Council. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War. In the wake of European devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the decolonisation of Africa and Asia. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion.

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