**Establishment and Dissolution**:
– Established in 1922 and dissolved in 1991.
– Capital and largest city: Moscow.
– Population of 286,730,819 in 1989.
– Official language: Russian.
– Flag, state emblem, motto, and anthem details.
– Originated from the October Revolution of 1917.
– Led by Vladimir Lenin post-revolution.
– Decline and fall marked by Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies in the mid-1980s.
– Attempted coup against Gorbachev in 1991.
– Dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 26, 1991.
**Historical Events and Key Figures**:
– Joseph Stalin’s era marked by industrialization and collectivization.
– Signed nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany in 1939.
– Played a key role in defeating Axis powers in World War II.
– Cold War tensions with the United States.
– Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962.
– Modern revolutionary activities in the Russian Empire.
– Bolsheviks’ communist revolution in 1917.
– Civil War between Reds and Whites.
– The February Revolution in 1917.
– Treaty on the Creation of the USSR in 1922.
**Economy and Industry**:
– The Civil War’s impact on the economy.
– Heavy industry output fell during the Civil War.
– Food requisitioning and famine.
– Effects of forced collectivization of farms.
– Stalin’s first five-year plan for socialist economy.
– State control over existing enterprises.
– Intensive industrialization program.
– Economic developments pre-World War II.
– Cooperation with the West in the early 1930s.
**Social Policies and Foreign Relations**:
– Progressive measures like universal education and healthcare.
– The Red Terror to suppress opposition.
– Women’s equal rights under Lenin’s government.
– Democratic centralism in the Communist Party’s rule.
– Peace of Riga and territorial disputes.
– Soviet relations with newly independent nations.
– Resistance movements like the Tambov Rebellion.
– Diplomatic relations and alliances.
– Support for Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War.
**World War II and Cold War Era**:
– German invasion and Soviet role in World War II.
– Impact of WWII on the Soviet Union.
– USSR as a superpower post-WWII.
– Cold War tensions and proxy wars.
– Formation of the Warsaw Pact and Comecon.
– De-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev.
– Soviet influence in Eastern Europe and globally.
– Control over Communist parties in satellite states.
– Clash with the UK and US in the Cold War.